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The physics behind how metal cools and solidifies within a mold. 2. Forming Processes

This section covers how metal is shaped through mechanical deformation.

Casting is one of the oldest and most versatile manufacturing methods. P.N. Rao provides an exhaustive breakdown of:

A modern approach to manufacturing parts with high melting points or complex composite structures. The book explains compaction, sintering, and secondary operations.

Modern manufacturing relies heavily on joining components. Rao covers: Equipment and flame types. Arc Welding: TIG, MIG, and submerged arc welding. Resistance Welding: Spot, seam, and projection welding. Soldering and Brazing: Low-temperature joining techniques. 4. Powder Metallurgy